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Benzene
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Description
Benzene
Other Names: Cyclohexatriene, Benzol
CAS Number: 71-43-2
Sum Formula: C₆H₆
Molar Mass: 78.11 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless, highly flammable liquid with a sweet aromatic odor
Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon and one of the most important industrial chemicals. With a stable, delocalized π-electron system in its six-membered ring, it serves as a fundamental building block in organic chemistry, petrochemicals, and polymer production.
Chemical and Physical Properties
Density: 0.879 g/cm³ (20 °C)
Melting Point: 5.5 °C
Boiling Point: 80.1 °C
Solubility in Water: Slightly soluble (~1.8 g/L at 25 °C)
Solubility in Other Solvents: Miscible with alcohol, ether, acetone, and many organic solvents
Vapor Pressure: 12.7 kPa (at 25 °C)
Odor: Sweet, aromatic
Applications
Organic Synthesis: Precursor for production of ethylbenzene, cumene, cyclohexane, and aniline.
Polymer Industry: Used in the manufacture of polystyrene, nylon, and synthetic rubbers.
Solvent Applications: Utilized in laboratory-scale reactions and degreasing formulations (restricted in many regions).
Fuel Additive: Historically blended into gasoline to improve octane rating (now limited due to toxicity).
Safety
Signal Word: Danger
H225 (99.7%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]
H304 (99.3%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]
H315 (99.8%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]
H319 (99.8%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]
H340 (99.8%): May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]
H350 (99.8%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]
H372 (99.3%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]
H412 (17.2%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]
P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501
Handling and Storage
Storage Conditions: Store in a tightly closed container in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from ignition sources and incompatible substances (oxidizers).
Handling Precautions: Use only in well-ventilated fume hoods. Avoid inhalation and skin contact. Ground containers when transferring.