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Used after fixing and washing, especially for prints. Toners chemically modify the silver image to change color and/or increase permanence.
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Toners act on the finished silver image (mostly on prints, sometimes on negatives). Selenium toner partially converts silver to more stable silver selenide, deepening blacks and improving archival life. Sepia/sulfide toners replace silver with silver sulfide, giving warm brown tones and high permanence. Gold toners cool image tone and add stability. Toning can be purely aesthetic, archival, or both — and the effect depends on paper type, prior processing, and dilution/time.