Bromine Elemental

Bromine
Other Names: Dibromine, Molecular bromine

CAS Number: 7726-95-6
Sum Formula: Br₂
Molar Mass: 159.81 g/mol
Appearance: Red-brown volatile liquid at room temperature and standard pressure

Bromine is a diatomic molecule and the only nonmetallic element that is a liquid under standard conditions. It is highly reactive and widely used in organic synthesis, flame retardant production, and chemical manufacturing.

Chemical and Physical Properties
Density: 3.1028 g/cm³ (at 20 °C)
Melting Point: −7.2 °C
Boiling Point: 58.8 °C
Solubility in Water: Moderately soluble (~3.5 g/100 mL at 20 °C, forming bromine water)
Solubility in Other Solvents: Soluble in carbon disulfide, chloroform, and other organic solvents
Vapor Pressure: 184 mmHg (at 20 °C)
Odor: Strong, pungent, suffocating odor

Applications
Organic Synthesis: Used as a brominating agent for alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics.
Flame Retardants: Incorporated into brominated compounds to reduce flammability of materials.
Pharmaceutical and Fine Chemical Synthesis: Utilized in the production of intermediates and active molecules.
Analytical Chemistry: Used in titrations (e.g., bromine number determinations) and qualitative analysis.
Water Treatment: Studied as an oxidizing agent and disinfectant (alternative to chlorine).

Safety
Signal Word: Danger

Handling and Storage
Storage Conditions: Store in a tightly sealed, corrosion-resistant container in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area, away from organic materials, reducing agents, and strong bases.
Handling Precautions: Handle with extreme care under a fume hood. Use appropriate PPE including chemical-resistant gloves, face shield, and protective clothing.